How Sarin Nerve Gas Works (And What to Do If Exposed)

Sarin is an organophosphate nerve agent. It most commonly is considered a nerve gas, but it mixes with water, so ingestion of contaminated food/water or liquid skin contact also are possible. Exposure to even a small amount of Sarin may be fatal, yet treatments are available that may prevent permanent neurological damage and death. Heres a look at how it works and how exposure to Sarin is treated. Key Takeaways: Sarin Sarin is an organophosphate nerve gas—a type of chemical weapon.The gas dissolves in water, so Sarin can be delivered in food or liquids as well as air.Sarin works like a pesticide. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase, preventing muscle relaxation.Although Sarin can be deadly, mild exposure can be survivable. If exposed, get away from the nerve agent, remove all exposed clothing and clean skin with soap and water. Seek emergency medical attention. What Is Sarin? Sarin is a man-made chemical with the formula [(CH3)2CHO]CH3P(O)F. It was developed in 1938 by German researchers at IG Farben for use as a pesticide. Sarin gets its name from its discoverers: Schrader, Ambros, Rà ¼diger, and Van der Linde. As a weapon of mass destruction and chemical weapon, sarin is identified by NATO designation GB. The production and stockpiling of sarin was forbidden by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993. Pure Sarin is colorless, odorless, and has no flavor. It is heavier than air, so Sarin vapor sinks into low-lying areas or toward the bottom of a room. The chemical evaporates in air and mixes readily with water. Clothing absorbs Sarin and its mixtures, which can spread exposure if contaminated clothing is not contained. Its important to understand you can survive a low concentration of Sarin exposure as long as you dont panic and do seek medical attention. If you survive initial exposure, you may have several minutes to several hours to reverse the effects. At the same time, dont assume you are in the clear just because you survived initial exposure. Because effects may be delayed, its important to get medical attention. How Sarin Works Sarin is a nerve agent, which means it interferes with the normal signaling between nerve cells. It acts in much the same way as organophosphate insecticides, block nerve endings from allowing muscles to stop contracting. Death may occur when the muscles controlling breathing become ineffective, causing asphyxiation. Sarin acts by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Ordinarily, this protein degrades acetylcholine released at the synaptic cleft. The acetylcholine activates nerve fibers that cause muscles to contract. If the neurotransmitter is not removed, the muscles dont relax. Sarin forms a covalent bond with the serine residue at the active site on the cholinesterase molecule, making it unable to bind to acetylcholine. Symptoms of Sarin Exposure Symptoms depend on the route and intensity of exposure. The lethal dose is incrementally higher than the dose producing minor symptoms. For example, inhaling an extremely low concentration of Sarin may produce a runny nose, yet a very slightly higher dose may cause incapacitation and death. The onset of symptoms depends on dose, usually within minutes to hours after exposure. Symptoms include: Dilated pupilsHeadacheSense of pressureSalivationRunny nose or congestionNauseaVomitingTightness in chestAnxietyMental confusionNightmaresWeaknessTremors or twitchesInvoluntary defecation or urinationAbdominal crampsDiarrhea If an antidote is not given, symptoms may proceed to convulsions, respiratory failure, and death. Treating Sarin Victims Although Sarin can kill and cause permanent damage, individuals who suffer mild exposure usually recover completely if given immediate treatment. The first and most important action is removing Sarin from the body. Antidotes to Sarin include atropine, Biperiden, and pralidoxime. Treatment is most effective if given immediately, but still helps if some times passes (minutes to hours) between exposure and treatment. Once the chemical agent is neutralized, supportive medical care is helpful. What to Do If You Are Exposed To Sarin Do not administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to a person exposed to Sarin, since the rescuer can be poisoned. If you think you have been exposed to Sarin gas or Sarin-contaminated food, water, or clothing, its important to seek professional medical attention. Flush exposed eyes with water. Clean exposed skin with soap and water. If you have access to a protective respiratory mask, hold your breath until you can secure the mask. Emergency injections typically are used only if symptoms of severe exposure occur or if the Sarin is injected. If you have access to injectables, be sure to understand when to use/not-use them, since the chemicals used to treat Sarin come with their own risks. References CDC Sarin Fact SheetSarin Material Safety Data Sheet, 103d Congress, 2d Session. United States Senate. May 25, 1994.Millard CB, Kryger G, Ordentlich A, et al. (June 1999). Crystal structures of aged phosphonylated acetylcholinesterase: nerve agent reaction products at the atomic level. Biochemistry 38 (22): 7032–9.Hà ¶rnberg, Andreas; Tunemalm, Anna-Karin; Ekstrà ¶m, Fredrik (2007). Crystal Structures of Acetylcholinesterase in Complex with Organophosphorus Compounds Suggest that the Acyl Pocket Modulates the Aging Reaction by Precluding the Formation of the Trigonal Bipyramidal Transition State. Biochemistry 46 (16): 4815–4825.

Crime Data Comparison Paper - 752 Words

Crime Data Comparison Paper Randy Morgan Axia College Jennifer Duncan February 4th, 2013 The two metropolitan areas I have decided to do my research paper on are Cincinnati, Ohio and Dallas, Texas. I choose Cincinnati because it is one of the bigger cities where I live. I choose Dallas because there seems to be a big difference in crime rates compared to Cincinnati. In this paper I will be comparing the burglary rate between these two cities. I will identify the number of burglaries reported to the police in each area and also explain which area had more reported†¦show more content†¦There are also other factors that could explain the big differences between these cities. The ethnic and racial makeup of the people living there and their educational levels could be a big difference. To really explain the increase or decline in both these cities is difficult because the two areas that I choose are so very different in population is really the biggest difference. In conclusion, in comparing both these big cities Cincinnati is showing an increase in the number of bu rglaries and almost every other crime as for Dallas, the crime rate there is down 6.4 percent. With the population in Dallas being 1,197,816 and Cincinnati’s population being 296,943 people would think that Dallas would be a city full of crime but Cincinnati is far worse. According to NeighborhoodScout . com, on a scale of 100 to 1(100 is the safest) Cincinnati rates just a two. This scale shows that Cincinnati is just safer then two percent of the cities in the United States of America. There are many factors that could explain why Cincinnati has one of the fasting growing crime rates in the nation. One could be the economy where there is nine percent unemployment in the city alone. Another factor could be the racial and ethnic makeup of the city. Looking at the Dallas, Texas crime rates, it rates a six in the crime index (NeighborhoodScout.com). 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The Effects Of Health Care On Healthcare - 1497 Words

Health care has changed significantly from it has used to be in the past and is still continuing to change and progress rapidly. The entire system has done a complete evolution from what it used to be and now the amazing technology, advances in medicine and health care economics are contributing factors to its rapid progression. We also need to remember that health care has become a booming business and patients have shifted into consumers changing the health care delivery models in a variety of ways for the future. Past There are a lot of ways that health care has changed in so many ways that have shaped and also contributed to its change. In the past, outside of health care society was dealing with a lot of barriers that included segregation and discrimination. In the health care system, unfortunately it wasn’t all too different as there were preferences of patient segregation and discrimination in the health care medical and education system. Another shift that occurred and changed from the past are the lengths of patient stays and their recovery turnarounds. For example, in the past it was common for a woman to be succumbed to a 10 day stay in the hospital after giving birth. This is a drastic change to our more standard 24-hour turnaround. In the past, it was also more apparent to see a Physician. This caused a lot of physician burn outs because doctors were continually on-call. 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Problem Areas in Life Essay Example For Students

Problem Areas in Life Essay : In this day and age its pretty amazing to be achild that has parents that are still married. It truly is amazing how twopeople so different from one another can make a marriage. Many people entermarriage with the belief that if you love each other, than that is enough to getbye. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-* Copyright DueNow.com Inc. *Category:PhilosophyPaper Title:Problem Areas in LifeText:17 Problem Areas in LifeFAMILYIn this day and age its pretty amazing to be a child that has parents thatare still married. It truly is amazing how two people so different from oneanother can make a marriage. Many people enter marriage with the belief that ifyou love each other, than that is enough to get bye. When I look at my parents I realize that they were raised in two totallydifferent environments, with different life styles, and different ways ofthinking. Yet, I cant help noticing that their family foundations are the same. Both of them have made a commitment to each other, a commitment to communicatewith one another, and a commitment to always love one another even when theydont always like one another. They must be doing something right, theirmarriage is in its 36th year!WORKCommunication in the work place and the ability to communicate effectively iscrucial to success. Even the simplest straightforward exchange of informationcan lead to distortion and miscommunication. The basis of a positive andsuccessful work place is the result of communication from managers topersonnel. Listening and feedback are essential to creating a harmonious workenvironment. It has been my personal experience that when communication in the workenvironment needs improvement management always increases written notices toemployees instead of verbal communication. When a manger has to come in contactwith an employee often times what they say can be important and it is intendedto benefit the receiver. When a manager needs to address a situation they shouldtake a good look into what the real problem is and if the employee has a clearunderstanding of the instructions in the first place. MONEYMoney and credit seem to be the root of many marital problems. We have allbeen in the same predicament at least once in our lives, not enough money tocover the bills. The choices you make now will determine your credit later. Topay your bills now will leave you strapped for the time being. To pay your billslate will leave you with damaged credit. When first starting out, credit is very hard to establish. You need to findsomeone that will give you that initial loan, whether that may be a credit cardor an actual bank loan. After you have been given the opportunity to buildcredit, how you manage it is entirely up to you. Many families experiencetension of money and credit problems. Once again, I believe that commitment andplanning is the key to overcoming potential problems in this area. LEISUREFamily leisure is an important aspect of leisure and an important part oflife for many people in our society. Home-based activities and family-orientedactivities outside the home are the most common forms of leisure activity. Family forms and structures have undergone dramatic changes in recent years,and the traditional family, made up of a bread-winner husband, ahomemaker mother and children, represents only a very small minority of familiestoday. There are an increasing number of non-traditional families, includingsingle-parent families, gay and lesbian families, blended families and childlessfamilies. Moreover, recognition of the differential needs of different cultural,racial and ethnic groups means recognition that family structures may varyaccording to cultural background. The Yellow Wallpaper – Journey into Insanity Essay ThesisQUALITY OF LIFEA term that is highly associated with quality of life iseuthanasia. The most common thesis in support of euthanasia iscalled The Argument for Mercy. It simply states that euthanasia ismorally justified because it ends suffering. Terminally ill patients are peoplewho will never attain a personal existence, never experience life as a netvalue, and/or never achieve a minimal level of independence. The moral issueregarding euthanasia is not affected by whether more could have been done for apatient, but whether euthanasia is allowable if it is the only alternative totorment. Euthanasia does not refer to Nazi-like elimination of the sick, old, orunproductive. Traditionally, euthanasia means the search for a good death, aneasier death for one who is dying, a release through death from intractablesuffering. If a person prefers and even begs for death as an alternative tolinger on in torment, only to die, then s urely it is not immoral to help thisperson die sooner. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you is one of theoldest and most common moral proverbs, which applies to everyone alike. Whenpeople try to decide whether certain actions are morally correct, they must askwhether they would be willing for everyone to follow that rule, in similarcircumstances. Each of us is going to die someday; although, we do not know howor when and we have little choice in the matter. Suppose you were given thechoice to die quietly and painlessly or to live and suffer. A chance to survivea while longer with a disease so painful that you could only moan for those fewdays, weeks, or even months before death while family members stand helplesslyby. What would your ideal choice be? I know, I would choose the quick andpainless death not only for myself, but for my family. The principle ofself-determination promotes the ideas of self-governance, freedom of choice, andpersonal responsibility for individual decisions and behaviors. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-